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It may be placed through a frontal approach into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles or though a parieto-occipital approach into the trigone or occipital horn of the lateral ventricle. Placement of a cerebral shunt and its location is determined based on the surgeon's preference. Sometimes, these granulations become obstructed from blood products or high protein and will not function adequately producing communicating hydrocephalus. Any block or obstruction in this pathway will produce obstructive hydrocephalus and if permanent will require a shunt. The CSF is then absorbed into the cerebral venous circulation through the Pacchionian (arachnoid)granulations. The choroid plexus in the ventricles produce CSF, which fills the ventricle and the subarachnoid space in a constant cycle of production and reabsorption. The ventricular system is composed of two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle. The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities located within the brain parenchyma. These advanced components are expected to reduce shunt malfunctions and optimize neurosurgical patient care. Advances in the biotechnologies are leading to progressive changes in the shunt components. The main differences between shunts are the type of valve used, and whether the valve is programmable or not. The distal end of a VP shunt is placed in the peritoneal cavity.

These shunts drain the CSF into the peritoneal cavity, the atrium, or the pleura thus, appropriately called ventriculoperitoneal, ventriculoatrial, and ventriculopleural shunts.Ī shunt consists of a ventricular catheter that is connected to a valve and then connected to a distal catheter. After placement, if it malfunction, excess CSF accumulated which can increase the intracranial pressure resulting in cerebral edema and ultimately herniation. In pediatric patients, untreated hydrocephalus can lead to many adverse effects including increase irritabilities, chronic headaches, learning difficulties, visual disturbances, and in more advanced cases severe mental retardation. Cerebral shunts are used to treat hydrocephalus.

A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a cerebral shunt that drains excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when there is an obstruction in the normal outflow or there is a decreased absorption of the fluid.

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